Surrogacy in Russia: Intersections of Public and Expert Opinion

Abstract

The study analyzes and compares public and expert opinions on key aspects of surrogacy: ethics and morality, surrogate mothers' motivations, and the professionalization of their role. Empirical data comprises a mass survey (N = 1440) and expert interviews with reproductive specialists and psychologists (N = 6).

While most respondents approve of surrogacy in principle, surrogate mothers and intended parents often encounter societal misunderstanding in practice, leading many to conceal their involvement. Public perception commonly contrasts surrogate mothers' motives as socially approved (altruistic) versus less acceptable (financial). Experts, however, view this differently, expressing caution towards altruistic motives ('to help' or 'do good'). They suggest such motives may indicate insufficient emotional stability and raise concerns about the woman's readiness for the surrogate role. Crucially, the interpretation of the 'financial motive' diverges significantly: the public often perceives it as a desire to 'earn big money' as if sacrificing the child, whereas experts frame it as a necessity to solve pressing family problems, often at the cost of the woman's health. Public opinion on professionalizing surrogacy is heterogeneous and contradictory, reflecting its situational nature. Professionals emphasize the need for thorough preparation of surrogate mothers (surmoms), enhancing their awareness of process risks and stages, and providing psychological support to both parties in the 'reproductive journey'.

Two distinct discourses are emerging: the public focuses on regulating novel reproductive practices and integrating them into traditional kinship frameworks, while the professional community seeks optimal implementation mechanisms, balancing legislation, public views, and the physiology of modern individuals experiencing rising demand for ART (Assisted Reproductive Technologies).